Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have the capacity to give rise to differentiated progeny arising from of all germ layers of the body including: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. The ability to expand patient derived human iPSCs in vitro and subject them to cell-type specific differentiation protocols is the basis for generating “disease-in-a-dish” cellular models for basic stem cell research and drug-discovery applications.