Optrode Sensor for Titration

In this application note, Metrohm presents an affordable and reliable method to determine the nicotine content in e-liquids and their nicotine starting material to help ensure the quality of these products. Non-aqueous acid base titration is a more affordable alternative to the traditional gas or liquid chromatography used for nicotine determination.

This Application Bulletin provides information on the titer determination in Karl Fischer titration. It contains information on the types of water standards suitable for a titer determination as well as the correct handling of those standards.

Thallium is a soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Thallium can be titrated as Tl(III) in slightly acidic medium. To visualize the equivalence point, the indicator xylenol orange is used. The indication is done with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. Cobalt can be analyzed in aqueous solutions by direct titration with EDTA at pH 9. The indicator is murexide, and the equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a free element. Barium can be determined in alkaline media by direct titration with EDTA. Phthalein purple is used as indicator; the equivalence point is determined with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. Over half of the supply of palladium and its congener platinum goes into catalytic converters, which convert up to 90% of harmful gases from auto exhaust into less-harmful substances. Palladium is also used in applications such as electronics, medicine, and jewelry. Palladium is determined at pH 4 to 5 by back-titration with zinc sulfate. To visualize the endpoint xylenol orange is used as indicator and the equivalence point is detected with the Optrode at a wavelength of 610 nm.

This application note describes the use of Metrohm’s Optrode Sensor for titration in the analysis of Tin. Tin forms very stable complexes with EDTA in its divalent and tetravalent form. In alkaline media, tin forms hydroxo complexes for which reason tin is titrated in acidic medium (pH 2.1). Xylenol orange is used as indicator; the equivalence point is detected with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

This application note describes the use of Metrohm’s Optrode Sensor for titration, with photometric endpoint recognition in the determination of Manganese. Manganese can be determined as Mn(II) in aqueous solutions at pH 10 with Eriochrome Black T as indicator; the Optrode is used at a wavelength of 610 nm.

This application note describes the use of Metrohm’s Optrode Sensor for titration, with photometric endpoint recognition in the determination of lead in an aqueous solution at pH 4 to 5 by back-titration with zinc sulfate. The equivalence point is detected with the Optrode at a wavelength of 574 nm.

This application note looks at the photometric determination of manganese sulfate using the Optrode (610 nm).

Get expert advice on how to properly maintain sensors in order to achieve accurate titrations and minimize false results