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Adiponectin, also known as Acrp30, is an adipocyte-derived protein with wide ranging paracrine and endocrine effects on metabolism and inflammation. It is induced during adipocyte differentiation, and its secretion is stimulated by insulin. It promotes adipocyte differentiation, fatty acid catabolism and insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin expression is negatively correlated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherogenesis. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory agent, but it exerts pro-inflammatory effects in nonmetabolic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Adiponectin interacts with the receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, calreticulin and Cadherin-13/T-Cadherin, as well as with several growth factors. Mature human Adiponectin shares 83% and 85% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse and rat Adiponectin, respectively. The glycosylation of four hydroxylated lysine residues in the collagenous domain is required for the intracellular formation of HMW complexes. The various multimeric forms of Adiponectin exhibit distinct tissue specific and gender specific profiles and activities.